Hyper Segregation - Free Essay Example

Hyper segregation occurs when a race/ethnic group is highly segregated in multiple ways, no matter how segregation is conceptualized or measured. It is an explicit recognition of the fact that segregation by race is a complex phenomenon that is multidimensional in nature. First used in 1989 in an article by Massey and Denton about patterns of black-white segregation in large US metropolitan areas in 1980, the term now occurs in both the academic and popular literature to describe the extremely high segregation experienced by African Americans, Hispanic Non-White, Native Americans, and Asian Americans in the US. Conceptually, hyper segregation occurs when a group has high segregation scores on four or five different dimensions of segregation. The first dimension is evenness: the extent to which all the neighborhoods in a metropolitan area show the same distribution of groups as the total area. Thus, if an area is 20 percent black and 80 percent white, there would be no segregation if each neighborhood had that racial distribution as well. Evenness is measured by the Index of Dissimilarity (D), the most commonly used measure of segregation. The next dimension is isolation: the extent to which a group shares its neighborhoods with only members of its own group. While evenness looks at distributions across all neighborhoods in a city or metropolitan area, isolation provides the view from within neighborhoods. A group may live in only a subset of the neighborhoods in a city, but if those neighborhoods are relatively integrated the group has contacts outside their group and their segregation is not as severe as when their neighborhoods are occupied only by their own group. The third dimension, concentration, refers to the relative proportion of the total land area a group occupies, relative to the groups size. This dimension addresses the issues of crowding, population density, and the advantages associated with housing on spacious suburban lots. Centralization, the fourth dimension, measures how close to the central busin ess district a group resides. In the past, the central business district was not a desirable place to live because of the presence of factories, and in more recent years it reflects the disadvantage associated with not living in the suburbs, where many jobs are now located. The last dimension of segregation, clustering, looks at whether the neighborhoods where a group lives are themselves clustered into one large area or are scattered throughout the metropolitan area. It addresses the aspect of whether a group member, regardless of the composition of their neighborhood of residence, interacts with non-group members if they leave their neighborhood. In hyper segregated metropolitan areas, black neighborhoods tend to form large contiguous ghettos. In summary, to define hypersegregation requires three decisions: first, which index will be used to measure each of the five dimensions; second, what value of each index will be considered high; and third, on how many of the five dimensions must a group be highly segregated to be called hypersegregated. Choices on each of these are made based on both the extant literature and the judgment of the researchers: in short, there is no correct choice, and changes will yield different lists of hyper segregated places and groups. While this may at first seem to imply that hypersegregation is an arbitrary idea, what it really reflects is that segregation is a continuous variable. Furthermore, as will be seen when specific hypersegregated places are discussed below, varying these choices does not dramatically change the overall pattern of results. Economics plays a huge role in the hypersegregati on of the Education system. Segregation by income very often moves in tandem with segregation by race. In addition to attending racially segregated schools, black and Latino students are significantly more likely to attend high-poverty schools. The Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, calls this phenomenon double segregation. Educational disparities between lower- and higher-income students have noticeably widened in recent years. In fact, income-based disparities among students are now larger than racial disparities, and low-income children are 15 percent less likely to graduate from high school than their high-income peers. The causes of this gap are many and well-documented. Many low-income students encounter a host of disadvantages outside of school that are likely to affect their educational achievement. For instance, low-income students are less likely to benefit from parents with postsecondary degrees. Studies have shown that the mothers education level strongly predicts the achievement of the child, and among low-income families, the mothers education level usually does not exceed a high school diploma. Children living in low-income neighborhoods also have increased exposure to hardship in their communities. These communities tend to lack access to meaningful job opportunities and face chronic unemployment. As a consequence, members are more likely to be distressed by mental health challenges, substance abuse, crime, and high levels of incarceration. Furthermore, residents of these communities are also excessively exposed to pollutants and environmental hazards. The trauma associated with all of these conditions poses serious negative consequences for a childs well-being and brain development. But while family and community factors are strong predictors of student achievement, school-level factors matter as well. In fact, in 1966, James Coleman, an American sociologist and researcher, released a report that studied more than 650,000 students nationwide and found that the level of student poverty in a school is the single most determinative school-level factor in a students academic achievement. Since the Coleman report, study after study has shown that low-income children who attend high-poverty schools fare worse than low-income children who attend low-poverty schools.

Sexual Harassment How Does It Differ From Bullying

1. What is sexual harassment? How does it differ from bullying? Sexual harassment is an unwanted attention that is sexual in nature. It can be a one-time occurrence or a result of repeated behaviour. In addition, harassment is viewed from the victim’s perspective and what the perceiver or affected individual would feel in the exact same situation. Workplace bullying on the other hand can be defined as an act or verbal behavior that is persistent and continuous, with intent to mentally hurt or isolate a person in the workplace (Ontario Safety Association for Community Healthcare, 2009). In most cases, bullying may involve negative physical contact or a repeated pattern of behavior that is intended to intimidate, offend, degrade or humiliate a person or group of people (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2015). Some examples of sexual harassment are: ï‚ § Unwanted physical contact ï‚ § Comments about the victim’s body or clothing ï‚ § Sexually suggestive comments ï‚ § Demanding sexual favours for promotions or job security ï‚ § Sexual jokes ï‚ § Inappropriate images on phone or computers Bullying differs from sexual harassment as it occurs repeatedly and is persistent. In contrast, sexual harassment can be the result of one incident. Bullying is meant to intimidate the victim. Also bullying usually occurs with the intent to mentally hurt or humiliate an individual normally resulting from a dislike. On the hand the â€Å"dislike† factor is usually not the initiator of a sexualShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Cyberbullying1601 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat technological advancements, there are downfalls, and there are people that will abuse them. Cyberbullying is one way that the different forms of technology is being abused. Cyberbullying is defined as electronic aggression. 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The purpose of this paper is to look at the different styles of attachment with relationship satisfaction among couples, friends, and family members. It will also look at the attachment styles associated with violence including sexual harassmentRead MoreMasculinity And Self Knowledge Of Males And The Additional Impact That Can Have On Homosexual Males1681 Words   |  7 Pagesshow how boys and young men are introduced to the idea of masculinity, followed by how that masculinity is expressed to each other and the rest of society and finally I will discuss how some homosexual males have adapted to the meaning of masculinity for their own self-preservation. By the end of this paper it is my hope that you will gain a different perspective on the role of masculinity in lives of all men, both heterosexual and homosexual alike. When questioning not only where but also how boysRead MoreCyberbullying: Comparing Bullying Laws in Minnesota and New Jersey1395 Words   |  6 Pages2007, the Minnesota State Legislature first amended the original bullying law from 2005 in attempt to strengthening it (Minnesota State Legislature, â€Å"Approved 2005†, â€Å"Amended 2007†). As stated on a report by the United States Department of Education, Minnesota has one of the weakest bullying laws in the nation (United States Department of Education, â€Å"Analysis†). Bully Police graded Minnesota’s law as a C-, the lowest grade of all bullying laws currently regulated in the U.S. (Weber, â€Å"MPR News Investigation†;Read MoreBullying And The Self Esteem1728 Words   |  7 Pagessuperiority over others, lack compassion, impulse control, and social skills. They enjoy being cruel to others and use bullying as an anger management tool, like a normally angry person would punch a pillow. Researc h supports the fact that bullies have low empathy and they do not know how it feels to be in someone’s shoes . They feel empowered and grumpy because they do not care about how the individual feels after they are physically and/or mentally abused. These bullies only care about pleasuring themselvesRead MoreChapter 8: Workplace Violence Test Essay2215 Words   |  9 Pagesraise awareness of workplace violence ANS: c PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 2. Approximately how many workplace homicides occur in Canada each year? a. 7 b. 14 c. 21 d. 55 ANS: b PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 3. Which of the following statements BEST defines how current legislative approaches define workplace violence and aggression? a. They define violence and aggression the same. b. They differ widely on how they define violence and aggression. c. They view workplace violence as more important thanRead MoreTransgender Kids and Their Right to Choose to Go to Any Bathroom They Please1810 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals and promotes anti-discrimination. By allowing transgender boys and girls the right to use a restroom that corresponds to the student’s gender identity– regardless of the student’s sex assigned at birth– you essentially teach children acceptance from a young age. This creates a diverse culture which will help sway the profound perceptions that transgender individuals are oddities and will lend a hand in breaking the generational cycle of discrimination. Understanding Gender Transgender WhatRead MoreEthical Issues, Shareholder Or Stakeholder Responsibility, Regulatory Relationships Or Sexual Harassment Or Discrimination?2561 Words   |  11 PagesWrite a paper on a specific problem of ethical leadership, such as environmental issues, shareholder or stakeholder responsibility, regulatory relationships or sexual harassment or discrimination. â€Å"Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma and fairness.† Face the complexity involved in making ethical choices: Openly talk about

Video Transcript of Business Model

Question: Discuss about the Video Transcript of Business Model. Answer: Video Transcript Good morning audiences, this is a video about the nature of the business models used by different companies in order to carry out their business. The video will describe about the concept business model and the views of the three scholars Kodama, Amit and Zott while defining the business models in the various business perspectives. The business models described over here contains various building blocks like channels, customer relationship, customer segments, key resources, key activities and key partners. The video will describe about the views of the scholars regarding the procedures adopted by various companies by using these models. Now, it will elaborate the concept of a business model. A business model is defined as systematic activities that depend on one another while surpassing the firm. However, a business model is known as a profit model. According to Kodama, innovation and integration is the core part of the business model. New knowledge creation is related to the internal knowledge, external knowledge which is a part of the knowledge integration model. For instance, Google is a company that runs on innovation and its business model runs on the knowledge integration model. Google market system consists of search engine and paid advertisement system for earning profit for the company. The search engine of Google is an innovation of Google that is a free service to the customers. On the other hand, the advertisement is a paid service of the company. As per Zott, business model used by Toyota is a perfect example of a sustainable business model. Business model of Toyota consists of partnership that brings a substantial profit to the business as well as to the business sustainability approaches. It increases the viability of the business with the other environmental factors outside the firm. It can be concluded that the real market is referred to as the market system that has an impact on the companys profitability.

Puritanism Essays (655 words) - Christian Philosophy, Sin

Puritanism Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th century which sought to "purify" the Church of England, Anglican Church. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral and religious pledge that determined their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation led to a civil war in England, and to the founding of the colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life. The excerpt from Jonathon Edwards' sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is an example on how Puritans followed their religion. Jonathon Edwards' work describes how God hated Puritans for their sins; which led the Puritans to feel guilty for their sins. With the wrath of God and the guilt man felt, the damnation and salvation principal became the focus of Puritanism. The Puritans religion had the belief that they were sinners, and that God hated them for their sins. According to Jonathon Edwards, God hates man... "'Tis true that judgement against your evil work has not been executed..." (Edwards 41). He used evil work as a metaphor for sins. Bremmer's article Puritanism, its Essence and Attraction describes God's creation of man, man's fall from his grace, and how we became sinners. "Man was part of God's creation and was made in the image of God. The relationship between God and the first man Adam was described as a covenantal bond. In the words of the Puritan West - minister Confession, 'life was promised to Adam, and in him to his posterity, upon condition of perfect and personal obedience.' But'our first parents' violated this covenant..." (Bremmer 20). Since our first parents violated this covenant, they fell from their original righteousness and communion with God, and so became dead in their sin. The effects from this original sin were born by all men thereafter. Since the Puritans believed that we were all sinners, the Preachers often utilized the concepts of the wrath of God and guilt in their sermons. God was so angry with man that his wrath was great. Edwards in his sermon described God's wrath in terms of metaphors. His wrath was so vengeful that he described floodwaters being held by a dam. It was God's will that the dam did not break, and wipe man out. "Puritans spoke frequently in his benevolence" (Bremmer 20). God had ill will toward man, and only salvaged a few and left the rest for damnation. Man after the fall was by nature sinful, and for sinning against God man deserves damnation. This was a central belief of Puritanism. Every man was in the hands of an angry God. "Thus are all you that never passed under a great change of heart by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; ... 'tis nothing but his mere pleasure that keeps you from being this movement swallowed up in everlasting destruction" (Edwards 42). At the time God created Adam, man's salvation depended on his own actions. God pledged happiness to Adam in return for man's absolute obedience to the will of God. The Covenant of Works exemplifies this concept in Puritanism. In the fall, man broke the covenant, and lost his opportunity to be salvaged. The consequences of man's sin could only be reversed through divine action. God provided the release by the Covenant of Redemption. "... the agreement whereby the Father compacted with the Son to provide the salvation of some men and women through Christ's sacrifice" (Bremmer 21). This superficial order for the sins of mankind made possible individual redemption through the Covenant of Grace. Once man reached this Covenant, believing in God could redeem him. The excerpt from Jonathon Edward's sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, focused on Puritanism theology. He addressed the issues of man as a sinner, God's hate of sinners - wrath of God. Throughout the sermon he addressed the damnation of man, the process of salvation and redemption. He hammered at his congregation using guilt and fear for their souls. Thus Edwards' sermon incorporated the three covenants; Covenant of Works, Covenant of Redemption, and Covenant of Grace.

Night5 essays

Night5 essays The Nazis caused more destruction than just killing innocent Jews, they destroyed their peace, God, and humanity. Elie Wiesels Night, illustrates that by telling his experience in the concentration camps. Elie begins to question his strong feelings for God. He is left only with is memory of having privacy and peace as he did in Sighet. Elie loses his respect of being treated as a human rather than an animal. The experience of Night is fatal to Elie as it destroys his peace, his God, and his humanity. Elies faith for God weakens more and more. In the beginning, Elies love for the Lord is very powerful. During the day, I studied Talmud, and at night, I run to the synagogue to weep over the destruction of the temple. (1) Elie practices Judaism every day by going to the synagogue where he prays. Elie first sees the crematories and the ditches that were deaths to so many Jews. For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless his name? The eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-powerful and Terrible was silent. What had I to thank him for? (31) Elie is unsure about God and what he is doing to them. Elie is finally convinced that God has given up on him. I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused. My eyes were open and terribly alone in the world without God and without man. (65) Elie no longer relies on God. He is on his own. By the end of the book, Elies faith for God has been so watered down, and it will take him a long time to regain that faith. In the beginning of the book, Elie and his family lived undisturbed and very peacefully. A wind of calmness and reassurance blew through our houses. (7) Elie and his family had their own personal space and just went with the flow. When Elie arrives at the camps, he soon realizes that it wont be like at home at all. Even if you were simply passing from one to the other, sever...

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a Essay

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a fashion clothing brand of your choice to outline the key issues facing the company in terms - Essay Example The Armani brand has a diverse appeal because it has line catering for special groups. Some of these consumers include the mature classy kind, young trendy consumers, children, wealthy and middle income consumers. The fashion industry is a competitive industry. There are a number of industries that could be viewed as Armani’s competitors. Some of these include; Christian Dior who has received acclamation for depth in his designs, Yves Saint Laurent has received acclamation for modernity in their designs, in 2006 they incorporated Asian themes in their clothing lines. Gucci received an award for being the highest selling brand from Italy in the year 2006. Gucci has acquired a reputation in the music industry by securing a market there. Gucci also made smoking tuxedos last fall. The clothing line is located all over the world. This implies that there is a wide client base for the company. Economies in those countries are improving and the need for clothes has increased. This means that the market is quite receptive at this moment. It is highly valued in Hollywood and fashion generally. It earns three billion euros to prove this point. It has a number of challenges that include: overstretching the line by venturing into too many products, having a strong personality behind the line- he may pass away and leave the brand hanging; it also has too many lines that may appear as if they are offering the same products. Armani Collezioni: this is the second most expensive clothing line in the Armani brand. This product focuses on the more mature consumer who is not looking for ‘hip’ clothes but prefers classy ones. The line is sold in various high profile department stores like David Jones and Harvey Nichols. Emporio Armani: this clothing line focuses on younger consumers. It offers a variety of trendy wear like jeans and t-shirts. It is an intermediate line that is not too expensive or too available either. It is found in boutiques and departmental

Outline and assess the major changes to journalism over the past 40 Essay

Outline and assess the major changes to journalism over the past 40 years and explain the extent to which these changes have helped or hindered democracy - Essay Example That is, the concept of democratic journalism has paved way into the academic jargon of the subject matter; implying that social media platforms tend to be launch-pads for such trend which then make news and influence journalists in dramatic ways. Therefore, it would be imperative to see the evolution of journalism from the era of Watergate scandal to the social media age to see how the subject matter and the professionalism in the field has expanded and moved forward (Starkey 2004: 5). Therefore, the paper will aim at exploring how journalism emerged as a forward-moving discipline and how the journalists in the field faced immense challenges and turbulences to bring the discipline where it stands today. Furthermore, the paper will explore how issues like media financing, advertising and political affiliations have impacted the field and therefore, how journalism has impacted democratic developments. Prior to analyzing the evolutionary phases of journalism in the past 40 years, and its contribution towards democracy; it is critical to understand the scope and nature of the discipline of journalism. Journalism incorporates the gathering and processing of news while including dissemination of news and information. Furthermore, journalism may also be understood in context to reporting, editing, writing, photography and even broadcasting of news as part of the business of an organization. Another perspective deals with the academic aspects whereby journalism stands for the coursework which prepared the students for intriguing careers in news writing and broadcasting, even editing. Similarly, considering the opinion formation function of journalism, it may also be understood as thought provoking and research oriented composition which is reflected via newspapers, print media and more recently even the social media. However, the feedback mechanisms must also not be