Background Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foundation - Term Paper Example The air terminal was developed utilizing a metallic fortification that has been holding the whole set up. This has been joined with the goal that the pilots are educated about the potential perils that the airbuses may experience by legitimate display in the compass. Alongside this few foundations like four holders and private feasting clubs were set up in the air terminal premises. Post 1939 period when the air terminal was under the New York Municipality a ton of store was contributed for the advancement of the air terminal and for consolidation of current luxuries (PANYNJ 1). In the later phases of advancement the air terminal confronted issues identifying with congestion and immense weight of the air traffic. Be that as it may, the traffic confronted a decay after the psychological militant assault of eleventh September, 2001 and there was an abatement popular for movement in New York. Plans of redesign of the Central Terminal Building have been on the procedure and formative exercises are occurring to improve the runway design of LaGuardia. The sum total of what this have been embraced to expand the interest for air travel among the

Bias, Rhetorical Devices and Argumentation Essay Example for Free

Inclination, Rhetorical Devices and Argumentation Essay The discourse it clearly providing food towards females, the discourse was introduced at a U.N. Women’s Conference, this discourse is about the rights ladies ought to hope to get under human rights. While utilizing the legislative issues to strengthen the privileges of ladies she is utilizing political inclination and she is utilizing a sex predisposition. Explanatory Devices This discourse has a couple explanatory gadgets, the first I discovered was a Rhetorical inquiry when she stated, â€Å"Wasn’t it after all after the women’s meeting in Nairobi ten years prior that the world concentrated just because on the emergency of household violence?† Secondly there was a couple of segments were Parallelism was utilized when she said; â€Å"If ladies get an opportunity to work and win as full and equivalent accomplices in the public eye, their families will thrive. Also, when families thrive, networks and countries do as well†. On the other hand when she expressed; â€Å"It is an infringement of human rights when children are denied food, or suffocated, or choked, or their spines broken, essentially in light of the fact that they are conceived young ladies. It is an infringement of human rights when ladies and young ladies are sold into the subjection of prostitution for human covetousness and the sorts of reasons that are utilized to legitimize this training should never again be tolerated†. Errors Towards the finish of the discourse a Slippery incline false notions was utilized when she expressed â€Å"As long as segregation and imbalances remain so typical wherever on the planet, as long as young ladies and ladies are esteemed less, took care of less, took care of last, exhausted, came up short on, not educated, exposed to brutality in and outside their homes the capability of the human family to make a quiet, prosperous world won't be realized†. Argumentation This discourse fulfilled the guideline for expressing a contention and ensuring against counter contentions by expressing realities that the resistance can't challenge. There was utilization of insights to help Mrs. Clinton’s contention that ladies and young ladies have indistinguishable rights from every other person. She introduced her contention in a convincing manner, utilizing her sexual orientation to convince others of a similar sex to comprehend the issue and introduced what should have been changed. I would state that the contention she introduced was exceptionally compelling. The group was acclaiming the discourse as opposed to utilizing quiet to show their dissatisfaction with the words that were said.

Michael Almereydas Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Michael Almereydas Hamlet Essay This scene causes to notice the subject of blamelessness and defilement while indicating a man at chances with his personality. The scene slices legitimately to Hamlets o this too strong tissue would melt29 discourse, and shows him in his lodging seeing comparing pictures of his Father, Mother and Ophelia. As indicated by Amereyda, Hamlets first monologue is limited to his lodging because of time limitations when shooting, however it stays indistinguishable from the play content. It shows him encompassed by current innovation, a nearby of his eyes shows the force with which he sees the pictures. As indicated by Katherine Rowe this is an altering method called a shot/reaction it is utilized to set up the fiction of a private exchange30, further causing to notice the situation of the person rather than the predicament of a nation/company. By utilizing this strategy, Almereyda can pass on numerous pictures immediately permitting the crowd to see the scene as Hamlet does and all the more significantly relate to his emotions, passed on in the monologue. He talks discreetly during this scene, yet there is addressing mistrust in his tone. In the center, the scene slices to Ophelia holding up by the wellspring and again back to Hamlets exceptional look on the screen further underlining his profound musings and fixation and featuring the topic of adoration and passing that runs all through the play. Almereyda prevails with regards to making a Hamlet for the advanced world right off the bat in distinguishing the sort of Hamlet he needed to depict, he shows him as an anguished youthful understudy surrendered by his dad, in death and by his mom, in marriage, a man at chances with a material world without feeling. He picks a youthful entertainer for the piece of Hamlet and finds the play the focal point of a sight and sound partnership in New York setting all the characters in the quick present. He compares these ultra current pictures with Shakespeares unique discourse this not just permits the film to contact a more extensive crowd yet additionally stays consistent with Almereydas unique vision of adjusting regard for the play with deference for contemporary reality31. The scenes I have concentrated on specifically show a man overpowered in a world administered by cash and force, a man who battles to subdue his internal sentiments, a picture numerous individuals in the 21st century can relate to. The credibility of this movie is sketchy, not on the grounds that the executive found the play in a cutting edge setting utilizing present day dress but since of the scenes that were cut. That said Almereyda never set out to copy past adjustments he needed to understand his own vision of a Hamlet in the cutting edge world and at last depicted the outcome as an endeavor at Shakespeare32. As Jorgens states in his exposition, the genuine test isn't he whether the movie producer has regarded his model, however whether he has regarded his own vision. 33 This film requests to a group of people both comfortable and new to crafted by Shakespeare. The individuals who have perused the play will relate to the interlocking topics made unequivocal by his utilization of the camera pictures. Almereyas depiction of the individual characters and his cutting edge translation of how every arrangement with life in an advanced world, guarantee that those new to Shakespeare will relate to at any rate one of the characters and welcome it as an advanced film joining an Elizabethan exchange. Reference index Almereyda, Michael. Shakespeares Hamlet (London: Faber and Faber, 2000).Brooke, Nicholas. Shakespeares Early Tragedies (London: Methuen and co, 1968). Jorgens, Jack J. Acknowledging Shakespeare on film in Shakespeare in video form ed by Robert Shaughnessy (London: Macmillan press 1998). Shakespeare, William Hamlet ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). Rowe, Katherine Remember me, in Shakespeare the film ed by Richard Burt and Lynda E. Boose (London: Routledge 2003). 1 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)pviii 2 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p143 .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .postImageUrl , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:hover , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:visited , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:active { border:0!important; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:active , .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89 edf3fa92c9caebf8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6dcd47eb4aaf8d89edf3fa92c9caebf8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet Explication Essay3 Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeares Early Tragedies,(London: Methuen and co,1968)p171 4 Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeares Early Tragedies,(London: Methuen and co,1968)p171 5 Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeares Early Tragedies,(London: Methuen and co,1968)p171 6 Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeares Early Tragedies,(London: Methuen and co,1968)p171 7 Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeares Early Tragedies,(London: Methuen and co,1968)p171 8 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p218 9 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p218 10 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)p135 11 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)p12 12 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p156 13 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p156 14 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p157 15 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p157 16 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p157 17 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p158 18 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p158 19 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p158 20 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p158 21 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p159 22 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)p14 23 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p160 24 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p160 25 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p160 26 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p161 27 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p162 28 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p161 29 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed by G. R. Hibbard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)p162 30 Katherine Rowe, Remember me, in Shakespeare the film, ed by Richard Burt and Lynda E. Boose (London: Routledge 2003)p20 31 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)pix 32 Michael Almereyda, Shakespeares Hamlet,(London: Faber and Faber, 2000)pxii 33 Jack J Jorgens, Realizing Shakespeare on film in Shakespeare in video form Ed by Robert Shaughnessy (London: Macmillan press 1998)p7.

Hyper Segregation - Free Essay Example

Hyper segregation occurs when a race/ethnic group is highly segregated in multiple ways, no matter how segregation is conceptualized or measured. It is an explicit recognition of the fact that segregation by race is a complex phenomenon that is multidimensional in nature. First used in 1989 in an article by Massey and Denton about patterns of black-white segregation in large US metropolitan areas in 1980, the term now occurs in both the academic and popular literature to describe the extremely high segregation experienced by African Americans, Hispanic Non-White, Native Americans, and Asian Americans in the US. Conceptually, hyper segregation occurs when a group has high segregation scores on four or five different dimensions of segregation. The first dimension is evenness: the extent to which all the neighborhoods in a metropolitan area show the same distribution of groups as the total area. Thus, if an area is 20 percent black and 80 percent white, there would be no segregation if each neighborhood had that racial distribution as well. Evenness is measured by the Index of Dissimilarity (D), the most commonly used measure of segregation. The next dimension is isolation: the extent to which a group shares its neighborhoods with only members of its own group. While evenness looks at distributions across all neighborhoods in a city or metropolitan area, isolation provides the view from within neighborhoods. A group may live in only a subset of the neighborhoods in a city, but if those neighborhoods are relatively integrated the group has contacts outside their group and their segregation is not as severe as when their neighborhoods are occupied only by their own group. The third dimension, concentration, refers to the relative proportion of the total land area a group occupies, relative to the groups size. This dimension addresses the issues of crowding, population density, and the advantages associated with housing on spacious suburban lots. Centralization, the fourth dimension, measures how close to the central busin ess district a group resides. In the past, the central business district was not a desirable place to live because of the presence of factories, and in more recent years it reflects the disadvantage associated with not living in the suburbs, where many jobs are now located. The last dimension of segregation, clustering, looks at whether the neighborhoods where a group lives are themselves clustered into one large area or are scattered throughout the metropolitan area. It addresses the aspect of whether a group member, regardless of the composition of their neighborhood of residence, interacts with non-group members if they leave their neighborhood. In hyper segregated metropolitan areas, black neighborhoods tend to form large contiguous ghettos. In summary, to define hypersegregation requires three decisions: first, which index will be used to measure each of the five dimensions; second, what value of each index will be considered high; and third, on how many of the five dimensions must a group be highly segregated to be called hypersegregated. Choices on each of these are made based on both the extant literature and the judgment of the researchers: in short, there is no correct choice, and changes will yield different lists of hyper segregated places and groups. While this may at first seem to imply that hypersegregation is an arbitrary idea, what it really reflects is that segregation is a continuous variable. Furthermore, as will be seen when specific hypersegregated places are discussed below, varying these choices does not dramatically change the overall pattern of results. Economics plays a huge role in the hypersegregati on of the Education system. Segregation by income very often moves in tandem with segregation by race. In addition to attending racially segregated schools, black and Latino students are significantly more likely to attend high-poverty schools. The Civil Rights Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, calls this phenomenon double segregation. Educational disparities between lower- and higher-income students have noticeably widened in recent years. In fact, income-based disparities among students are now larger than racial disparities, and low-income children are 15 percent less likely to graduate from high school than their high-income peers. The causes of this gap are many and well-documented. Many low-income students encounter a host of disadvantages outside of school that are likely to affect their educational achievement. For instance, low-income students are less likely to benefit from parents with postsecondary degrees. Studies have shown that the mothers education level strongly predicts the achievement of the child, and among low-income families, the mothers education level usually does not exceed a high school diploma. Children living in low-income neighborhoods also have increased exposure to hardship in their communities. These communities tend to lack access to meaningful job opportunities and face chronic unemployment. As a consequence, members are more likely to be distressed by mental health challenges, substance abuse, crime, and high levels of incarceration. Furthermore, residents of these communities are also excessively exposed to pollutants and environmental hazards. The trauma associated with all of these conditions poses serious negative consequences for a childs well-being and brain development. But while family and community factors are strong predictors of student achievement, school-level factors matter as well. In fact, in 1966, James Coleman, an American sociologist and researcher, released a report that studied more than 650,000 students nationwide and found that the level of student poverty in a school is the single most determinative school-level factor in a students academic achievement. Since the Coleman report, study after study has shown that low-income children who attend high-poverty schools fare worse than low-income children who attend low-poverty schools.

Sexual Harassment How Does It Differ From Bullying

1. What is sexual harassment? How does it differ from bullying? Sexual harassment is an unwanted attention that is sexual in nature. It can be a one-time occurrence or a result of repeated behaviour. In addition, harassment is viewed from the victim’s perspective and what the perceiver or affected individual would feel in the exact same situation. Workplace bullying on the other hand can be defined as an act or verbal behavior that is persistent and continuous, with intent to mentally hurt or isolate a person in the workplace (Ontario Safety Association for Community Healthcare, 2009). In most cases, bullying may involve negative physical contact or a repeated pattern of behavior that is intended to intimidate, offend, degrade or humiliate a person or group of people (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2015). Some examples of sexual harassment are: ï‚ § Unwanted physical contact ï‚ § Comments about the victim’s body or clothing ï‚ § Sexually suggestive comments ï‚ § Demanding sexual favours for promotions or job security ï‚ § Sexual jokes ï‚ § Inappropriate images on phone or computers Bullying differs from sexual harassment as it occurs repeatedly and is persistent. In contrast, sexual harassment can be the result of one incident. Bullying is meant to intimidate the victim. Also bullying usually occurs with the intent to mentally hurt or humiliate an individual normally resulting from a dislike. On the hand the â€Å"dislike† factor is usually not the initiator of a sexualShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Cyberbullying1601 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat technological advancements, there are downfalls, and there are people that will abuse them. Cyberbullying is one way that the different forms of technology is being abused. Cyberbullying is defined as electronic aggression. It is a form of bullying that takes place over electronics, such as smartphones, tablets, and computers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Cyberbullying is a relatively new way for youth to harass one another and with more and more social media outlets becomingRead MoreBeing With The Opposite Sex892 Words   |  4 Pageswith girls’ schools which students often lead to bullying while boys are much likely to dance, sing and act at mixed-sex school. Then he has a n opposed opinion that girls do better academically and claimed sex segregation increases gender stereotyping and legitimizes institutional sexism. Another idea in same literature by Fraser(2015), who is chief executive of Girls’ Day School Turst(GDST), said that girls’ learning needs are simply different from boys. In class, girls tend to prefer cooperativeRead MoreHomosexual Police Officers1506 Words   |  7 Pagespertaining to sexual orientation has flourished. We now know more about homosexual lives in general and about the experiences of particular groups such as those in prison those who offer sex in exchange for money and those who lived during particular historical periods. However, with the knowledge and awareness about what it means to be gay or lesbian has increased considerably, there remains an ignorance on a number of homosexual issues. Explanations of why sexual orientations differ are still inadequateRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment With Relationship Satisfaction Among Couples, Friends, And Family Members Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pageslearn how to attach to them through past experiences often learned as children (KarakuÅŸ, 2012). Each style of attachment has either a positive or negative effect on our relationships with others, whether it is with our friends, family, or significant others. The purpose of this paper is to look at the different styles of attachment with relationship satisfaction among couples, friends, and family members. It will also look at the attachment styles associated with violence including sexual harassmentRead MoreMasculinity And Self Knowledge Of Males And The Additional Impact That Can Have On Homosexual Males1681 Words   |  7 Pagesshow how boys and young men are introduced to the idea of masculinity, followed by how that masculinity is expressed to each other and the rest of society and finally I will discuss how some homosexual males have adapted to the meaning of masculinity for their own self-preservation. By the end of this paper it is my hope that you will gain a different perspective on the role of masculinity in lives of all men, both heterosexual and homosexual alike. When questioning not only where but also how boysRead MoreCyberbullying: Comparing Bullying Laws in Minnesota and New Jersey1395 Words   |  6 Pages2007, the Minnesota State Legislature first amended the original bullying law from 2005 in attempt to strengthening it (Minnesota State Legislature, â€Å"Approved 2005†, â€Å"Amended 2007†). As stated on a report by the United States Department of Education, Minnesota has one of the weakest bullying laws in the nation (United States Department of Education, â€Å"Analysis†). Bully Police graded Minnesota’s law as a C-, the lowest grade of all bullying laws currently regulated in the U.S. (Weber, â€Å"MPR News Investigation†;Read MoreBullying And The Self Esteem1728 Words   |  7 Pagessuperiority over others, lack compassion, impulse control, and social skills. They enjoy being cruel to others and use bullying as an anger management tool, like a normally angry person would punch a pillow. Researc h supports the fact that bullies have low empathy and they do not know how it feels to be in someone’s shoes . They feel empowered and grumpy because they do not care about how the individual feels after they are physically and/or mentally abused. These bullies only care about pleasuring themselvesRead MoreChapter 8: Workplace Violence Test Essay2215 Words   |  9 Pagesraise awareness of workplace violence ANS: c PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 2. Approximately how many workplace homicides occur in Canada each year? a. 7 b. 14 c. 21 d. 55 ANS: b PTS: 1 REF: p. 196 3. Which of the following statements BEST defines how current legislative approaches define workplace violence and aggression? a. They define violence and aggression the same. b. They differ widely on how they define violence and aggression. c. They view workplace violence as more important thanRead MoreTransgender Kids and Their Right to Choose to Go to Any Bathroom They Please1810 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals and promotes anti-discrimination. By allowing transgender boys and girls the right to use a restroom that corresponds to the student’s gender identity– regardless of the student’s sex assigned at birth– you essentially teach children acceptance from a young age. This creates a diverse culture which will help sway the profound perceptions that transgender individuals are oddities and will lend a hand in breaking the generational cycle of discrimination. Understanding Gender Transgender WhatRead MoreEthical Issues, Shareholder Or Stakeholder Responsibility, Regulatory Relationships Or Sexual Harassment Or Discrimination?2561 Words   |  11 PagesWrite a paper on a specific problem of ethical leadership, such as environmental issues, shareholder or stakeholder responsibility, regulatory relationships or sexual harassment or discrimination. â€Å"Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma and fairness.† Face the complexity involved in making ethical choices: Openly talk about

Video Transcript of Business Model

Question: Discuss about the Video Transcript of Business Model. Answer: Video Transcript Good morning audiences, this is a video about the nature of the business models used by different companies in order to carry out their business. The video will describe about the concept business model and the views of the three scholars Kodama, Amit and Zott while defining the business models in the various business perspectives. The business models described over here contains various building blocks like channels, customer relationship, customer segments, key resources, key activities and key partners. The video will describe about the views of the scholars regarding the procedures adopted by various companies by using these models. Now, it will elaborate the concept of a business model. A business model is defined as systematic activities that depend on one another while surpassing the firm. However, a business model is known as a profit model. According to Kodama, innovation and integration is the core part of the business model. New knowledge creation is related to the internal knowledge, external knowledge which is a part of the knowledge integration model. For instance, Google is a company that runs on innovation and its business model runs on the knowledge integration model. Google market system consists of search engine and paid advertisement system for earning profit for the company. The search engine of Google is an innovation of Google that is a free service to the customers. On the other hand, the advertisement is a paid service of the company. As per Zott, business model used by Toyota is a perfect example of a sustainable business model. Business model of Toyota consists of partnership that brings a substantial profit to the business as well as to the business sustainability approaches. It increases the viability of the business with the other environmental factors outside the firm. It can be concluded that the real market is referred to as the market system that has an impact on the companys profitability.

Puritanism Essays (655 words) - Christian Philosophy, Sin

Puritanism Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th century which sought to "purify" the Church of England, Anglican Church. Puritans became noted for a spirit of moral and religious pledge that determined their whole way of life, and they sought through church reform to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation. Their efforts to transform the nation led to a civil war in England, and to the founding of the colonies in America as working models of the Puritan way of life. The excerpt from Jonathon Edwards' sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is an example on how Puritans followed their religion. Jonathon Edwards' work describes how God hated Puritans for their sins; which led the Puritans to feel guilty for their sins. With the wrath of God and the guilt man felt, the damnation and salvation principal became the focus of Puritanism. The Puritans religion had the belief that they were sinners, and that God hated them for their sins. According to Jonathon Edwards, God hates man... "'Tis true that judgement against your evil work has not been executed..." (Edwards 41). He used evil work as a metaphor for sins. Bremmer's article Puritanism, its Essence and Attraction describes God's creation of man, man's fall from his grace, and how we became sinners. "Man was part of God's creation and was made in the image of God. The relationship between God and the first man Adam was described as a covenantal bond. In the words of the Puritan West - minister Confession, 'life was promised to Adam, and in him to his posterity, upon condition of perfect and personal obedience.' But'our first parents' violated this covenant..." (Bremmer 20). Since our first parents violated this covenant, they fell from their original righteousness and communion with God, and so became dead in their sin. The effects from this original sin were born by all men thereafter. Since the Puritans believed that we were all sinners, the Preachers often utilized the concepts of the wrath of God and guilt in their sermons. God was so angry with man that his wrath was great. Edwards in his sermon described God's wrath in terms of metaphors. His wrath was so vengeful that he described floodwaters being held by a dam. It was God's will that the dam did not break, and wipe man out. "Puritans spoke frequently in his benevolence" (Bremmer 20). God had ill will toward man, and only salvaged a few and left the rest for damnation. Man after the fall was by nature sinful, and for sinning against God man deserves damnation. This was a central belief of Puritanism. Every man was in the hands of an angry God. "Thus are all you that never passed under a great change of heart by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; ... 'tis nothing but his mere pleasure that keeps you from being this movement swallowed up in everlasting destruction" (Edwards 42). At the time God created Adam, man's salvation depended on his own actions. God pledged happiness to Adam in return for man's absolute obedience to the will of God. The Covenant of Works exemplifies this concept in Puritanism. In the fall, man broke the covenant, and lost his opportunity to be salvaged. The consequences of man's sin could only be reversed through divine action. God provided the release by the Covenant of Redemption. "... the agreement whereby the Father compacted with the Son to provide the salvation of some men and women through Christ's sacrifice" (Bremmer 21). This superficial order for the sins of mankind made possible individual redemption through the Covenant of Grace. Once man reached this Covenant, believing in God could redeem him. The excerpt from Jonathon Edward's sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, focused on Puritanism theology. He addressed the issues of man as a sinner, God's hate of sinners - wrath of God. Throughout the sermon he addressed the damnation of man, the process of salvation and redemption. He hammered at his congregation using guilt and fear for their souls. Thus Edwards' sermon incorporated the three covenants; Covenant of Works, Covenant of Redemption, and Covenant of Grace.